- Introduction to Scenario Learning: Guest Post Series with Michael Barr
- Auftragstaktik in One Simple Diagram by Chet Richards
- "Leaders Are Teachers": Great Insights on Leadership and Developing Your People from The Mentorship Forum
- Great Review Over at the The Mentorship Forum of My Favorite Resource on Developing Adaptability "Raising The Bar"
- Rethinking the Traditional Teacher-Student Relationship in Conflicts
- Command and Control During a Disaster: Podcast
- The Evolving Warfighter Sits Down with Don Vandergriff and Talks Mission Command
- Developing and Preparing Cops for the Adaptive Challenges of The Street: Instructors Roundtable Podcast Episode
- Unreflective Speed of Action...Do You Think Its Time Policing Reflects on the Tactical Influence of Time?
- Break It Down Show Podcast: Don Vandergriff - Mission Command, Trusting Your People, To Win
- I See You...Back Up! On The Call to Win in Crisis and in the Aftermath to Win in Life
- Technological Negation of Human Sexual Dimorphism: A Guest Post by Franklin C. Annis, EdD
- Guest Post Home Security Guide from Bank Rate
- Commonwealth Police Legacy Program of Instruction: Sound Decision Making for Cops
- Outstanding In Your Face and Much Needed Book Policing and It's Leaders Can Learn From
- THE TRUTH BEHIND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN FATAL POLICE SHOOTINGS: Great Research Every Cop and Every Citizen Should Read.
- Thought on Discipline: A Great Podcast Series from All Marine Radio, Every Police Leader Should Listen To
- Gary Klein – Cognitive Psychologist, Studies Decision Making in Crisis on The Break It Down Show..Outstanding Episode
- Tactical Decision Making Facilitation Guide Maj McBreen: The Lessons Transfer to Police Instruction as Well
- 4th Generation Warfare Interview and Yes There Are Lessons for Policing
- Keys to Training Excellence: Evidence Based Research Policing Can Use
- Adopting Mission Command: Developing Leaders for a Superior Command Culture by Don Vandergriff
- Lead Yourself First: Inspiring Leadership Through Solitude: Book Review
- PODCAST: Tactical Decision Games with Bruce Gudmundsson and Don Vandergriff
- Podcast: Human Factors and Officer-Involved Shootings
- Donald Robertson - Stoicism and Thinking Like a Roman Emperor
- Dr John Sullivan and MAJ John Spencer - The Complexity of Modern Urban War
- Great Podcast: The Courageous Police Leader – Combating Cowards, Chaos, and Lies
- Recommended Reading: Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
- Another Approach to Tactics Guest Post by Bert DuVernay
- LYNCH & KENNEY: react to clips of LtGen Van Riper’s “On Discipline” interview on All Marine Radio
- Outstanding Interview: ON DISCIPLINE: LtGen Paul K. Van Riper, USMC (ret)
- The Learning Insurgency: It’s an Evolution, not a Revolution By Donald E. Vandergriff
- On Policing a Free Society Episode 3: Toxic Bosses
- On Policing a Free Society Episode 2: Repairing Dysfunction in Police Organizations
- On Policing a Free Society Podcast: Episode 1 Dysfunctional Organizations and Their Impact On Response
- On Policing a Free Society with Fred Leland A New Podcast Coming in 2019
- Making Police Training Stick...and Learning How to Learn
- A New Conception of War: John Boyd The U.S. Marines and Maneuver Warfare
- Utilizing The Case Method: Some articles by Bruce Gudmundsson to Help Shed Some Light on How Too
- Use of Force Policy: Dispelling the Myths by Lexipol
- How to Make a Small Unit Decision Forcing Cases by Bruce Gudmundsson
- Facilitating Learning a Hybrid Of Methods to Effective Police Officer Development
- Why The OODA Loop Is Forever By Dan Grazier
- 15 Tips to Remember when Promoting a Growth Mindset in the Classroom: A Guest Post from USA Test Prep
- New Edition of Boyd’s Discourse on Winning and Losing by Grant Hammond
- My Book Review: On Tactics by B. A. Friedman
- Of Garbage Cans and Paradox: Reflexively Reviewing Design, Mission Command, and the Gray Zone:
- On Tactics: An Interview with B.A. Friedman
- Podcast Part 2 from Professional Military Education: John Boyd, Maneuver Warfare, and Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication-1
- Podcast from Professional Military Education: John Boyd, Maneuver Warfare, and Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication-1
- Walk,Sacrafice, Work ...Always Hungry Never Satified! What it Takes to Fight Complacency
- The Ten Deadly Errors, Plus...Failure to Learn, Failure to Anticipate and Failure to Adapt
- Turning Tragedy into Victory...We Must Start APPLYING LESSONS LEARNED
- Police Responses Demands Constant and Repeated Action...Throughout the Tactical Encounter
- All Police Actions Take Place in an Atmosphere of Uncertainty
- Adapt or Die: The Call for Police Reform...Is It Reasonable or Necessary?
- Force Science Assesses Proposed “Necessary” Deadly Force Standard
- Special Tactics Online Course Intro
- LESC is Honored to be Part of Special Tactics New Online Training Academy and Full-Featured, Professional Networking Site
- Leading Discussions and Facilitating Better Training Outcomes
- Police Leaders Mentoring and Coaching Their People: the Cornerstone to Top Performance in Crises
- Research: Adaptive Skill as the Conditio Sine Qua Non of Expertise
- Developing Adaptive Expertise: A Synthesis of Literature and Implications for Training
- How the Germans Defined Auftragstaktik: What Mission Command is - AND - is Not by Don Vandergriff
- Avioding Hostilities is the Goal But Sometimes to Gain The Advantage Reasonable Force Must Be Used
- Navigating Chaos: How to Find Certainty in Uncertain Situations
- The Protector Ethic: Morality, Virtue, and Ethics in the Martial Way
- Police Ethos:The Warrior and Guardian Mindset Are They Not One In the Same?
- Neighborhood Watch is Homeland Security at the Most Local Level
- Developing Police Sergeants: Getting the Outcomes and Measures of Effectiveness Right
- Col John Boyd's Patterns of Conflict Expanded to Policing Part 3: Disrupting an Adversary Using Soft and Hard Tactics
- Col John Boyd's Patterns of Conflict Expanded to Policing Part 2: Don't Just Be a Reactor..Be a Shaper Too!
- Col John Boyd's Patterns of Conflict Expanded to Policing Part 1
- Smart Tactics Takes Thinking Police Leaders...Leading Thinking Cops
- Wrestling With Delayed and Immediate Entry, Solo and Team Tactics...Are We Really Expecting All to Go as Rehersed?
- Guardian Joe: How Less Force Helps The Warrior
- Making It Safer: A Study of Law Enforement Fatalities Between 2010-2016
- Professional Reading and Development: It Doesn’t Give All the Answers, But It Lights What Is Often a Uncertain Path Ahead
- What Are The Force Multipliers That Allow Police Organizations to Operate at Rapid OODA Loop Tempos?
- Why Frontline Employees Should Make All Decisions:Lessons Police Can Learn From The Corporate Rebels
- What was Boyd Thinking and...What Can Policing Learn From It?
- Proper Mindset, Situational Awareness, Skill Proficiency and Physical Fitness: Force Multipliers of Great Value to Police
- Recognizing The Signs and Signals That Lead To Violent Acts At Our Schools and Making Collaborative Efforts to Prevent Them
- Adaptive Leader Program: Developing Thinking Leaders Who Lead Thinking Officers
- What Are Mission-Type Orders and How Do They Influence a More Effective Crisis Response?
- Tactics Are They More High Diddle, Diddle Straight Up the Middle the Devil Be Damned or Maneuver and Boyd Cycling an Adversary?
- There Are No School Solutions, Formulas or Recipes to School Shootings, so How Can We Develop Better Courses of Action?
- Great Break It Down Show Focus on School Shootings
- Developing Critically Needed Leadership: A Podcast on Mission Command Building Trust and Cohesion
- Powerful Facilitation: Two Critical Approaches
- Powerful Facilitation: Three Critical Competencies
- STARTING AND GROWING A NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH
- Adaptive Action: Leveraging Uncertainty In Your Organization a Book Review
- The Case Method In Developing Police: "Cold Calling" Will Have to Be Unambiguous
- The Biggest Obstacle to Tactical Progress… and How to Beat It
- Pete’s Combat Wish List Pt 2: Mental Models, Mistakes, Reflection and Learning on the Fly
- Pete’s Wish List for Combat Warriors. Perhaps Some Lessons for Poliicng as Well?
- What Affect Does the Human Dimension and Human Bias Have on Policing?
- What virtues are the most essential for a warrior to live by in order to prepare for, protect against and prevent violence?
- Exploring Criminal Justice Careers Check Out the Community for Accredited Online Schools
- A Great Break It Down Show Podcast on Interview and Interrogation: A Candid Straight Up Discussion
- Experiential Learning a Big Part of The New Recruit Officer Course In Massachusetts: Looks Promising!
- Run Out and Buy: Anatomy of a Warrior: The 7 Virtues All Warriors Must Live by to Successfully Protect and Serve
- Devising Solutions to Complex Police Problems: How Can We Get Better?
- Podcast with the Break It Down Show A Candid Discussion on Policing a Free Society, Mission Command and More
- Understanding Problems Range in Complexity and Designing Police Operations
- When it comes to Police Training, When is Good Enough, Not Good Enough?
- On The Job Training and Deliberately Framing Experience
- Police Officer Discretion…and Focusing Our Efforts on Better Outcomes
- Strength of Character: The Foundation of Working Together and Getting Things Done
- A free chapter from our new book now available on Amazon
- A Major Problem We Must Confront as Police Trainers and Students: How To Improve Performance?
- MISSION COMMAND THE WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN AND WHY An Anthology
- Conflict and Crisis are Full of Friction: The Force That Makes the Apparently Easy so Difficult
- PODCAST: Don Vandergriff on Military Personnel Reform: The Ideas Discussed Can (SHOULD) be Adapted to Policing As Well!
- Fire Nobody! by Dave Smith
- Teaching United States Marine Instructors New Tricks: Developing Adaptability Through Experiential Learning
- The Why was born out of pain
- Inspiring People to Lifelong Learning & Impacting Their Ability to Make Sound Decisions
- We Can't Just Use the Same Mental Recipes Over and Over Again: In Police Training We Must Challenge The Prevailing Mindset
- Reflection Leads to Deeper Learning...Put Each Day Up For Review
- We Must Train and Educate Within an Uncertain Environment to Prepare to Adapt
- Defining Policing 's Training & Education Challenge...Some Ideas On Achieving High Levels of Professionalism
- Defensive Tactics for Today's Law Enforcement
- Uploading John Boyd: The Legend Delivering His Opus is Online...and is as Relevant as Ever
- Make Many Mistakes and Learn
- Is Your Purpose in Life Based on Self Awareness and Strength of Character or Are You Just Following the Crowd?
- An Officer’s Principal Weapon is His Mind: Professional Development In Policing
- Outstanding Manual: Law Enforcement Close Quarter Battle: Urban Tactics for Individuals, Teams and Tactical Units
- The Art of Police Training is the Ability to Move Officers Through the Fog and Complexity of Human Interaction
- Brian Willis Interviews Yours Truly on Teaching Adaptive Leadership
- The Police Leader's True Work: Train Them, Trust Them, Let Them Do Their Job
- Sir William Slim on His Leadership Motto: No Details, No Paper, And No Regrets
- The Grid: Is There Better Ways to Approach Police Interactions?
- Teaching Officers How to Think verses Telling Them What To Think
- Develop a Philosophy and Understanding of Crime Fighting and Problem Solving That Considers Complexities of Policing
- Unwarranted: Policing Without Permission Book Review
- Thinking Leaders, Leading Thinking People is the Adaptive Leaders Focus
- Take Policing From a Training Culture to a Learning Culture
- Are You Serving Those You Lead?
- Vehicle Stops Strategies and Tactics: Being Safe and Effective Is About Options, Not Best Practices
- Teaching Adaptability and Making Marines More Effective Trainers
- Break It Down Show Podcast: Better Understanding Policing and Why it Matters
- The Last 100 Yards Series: High Diddle, Diddle Straight Up the Middle or Maneuver: How Are Your Tactics, Officer?
- Police officers I beg you to please run out and buy this book! What a great tactical resource!
- Second Episode in This Podcast Series with Complete Emergency Managment: Leadership in Public Safety
- Podcast: I sit down with George Whitney of Complete EM and discuss: Active Shooters and After Actions
- Sir Robert Peels, Nine Key Principles of Policing: Fair and Impartial Policing Defined Back In 1829!
- Herman Goldstein, Fundamental Objectives of Policing: Are They Relevant Today? I Say Yes!
- Shaping and Adapting: Using the Environment (The Last Hundred Yards) To Unlock the Power of Colonel John Boyd’s OODA Loop
- Informative Fair and Impartial Podcast: Do the legal rules for using deadly force, still make sense?
- Crisis Intervention Teams & Police Interactions with People with Mental Illness: Evolving Tactics That Make a Difference
- How Does The Last Hundred Yards, Enhance Tactical Responses to Crises?
- Complacency and False Sense of Urgency: Why We Fail to Take Advantage of The Last Hundred Yards?
- The Last Hundred Yards: Operate On Blind Luck or Win Consistently?
- My Good Friend Coach Kevin Kearns talks with 5th & 6th graders about Vision
- Keeping The Peace in a Free Society Let Us Not Forget Why We Do What We Do
- How Do We Better Assess and Grade Decision Making and Adaptability in Those We Train?
- Types of Cases
- Report: Deadly Calls And Fatal Encounters
- Developing Individuals with the Ability to Work Together Solving Real World Problems
- Five-Year Study of Police Officer Deaths: RoboCops or Guardians?
- The role of humility in the Socratic method by Bruce Ivar Gudmundsson
- Keeping the Peace
- Experiential Learning Defined
- How We Learn Versus How We Think We Learn
- Reducing Violence is About Not Grabbing a Gun
- Boston PD & Boston Red Sox: Full Scale Complex Operating Environment Training Exercise
- Scouts in Contact Tactical Vignettes for Cavalry Leaders A Book of Tactical Decison Exercises for Cavalry Leaders
- What is the Mission and Intent of Policing a Free Society?
- Sound of Silence A Tribute to Policing and All Those Who Serve The Homeland
- Problem-Oriented Policing: Where Social Work Meets Law Enforcement
- Thoughts on Policing a Free Society: Altering Public Expectations
- Thoughts on Policing a Free Society: Rethinking Widely Held Assumptions Regarding Police Fuction
- Thoughts on Policing a Free Society: Our Failure to Concern Ourselves...
- Thoughts on Policing a Free Society
- Simon Sinek: Why Leaders Eat Last
- 8 Tips to Keep Your Home Wireless Network Secure From Hackers: a guest post from Wichly Cazeau
- John Boyd's Patterns of Conflict Part 3
- Engaging The Community and Making Meaningful and Lasting Change
- The Pre-Class Preparation Pyramid By Bruce Ivar Gudmundsson
- We All Lose When it's Us Verses Them!
- Facilatating The Adaptive Leader Program at The Army ROTC Leadership Conference at Harvard University
- A Break It Down Show Pod Cast: Paying Criminal Not to Commit Crimes or is There Something More to The Story?
- Harvard ROTC Leadership Conference
- A Discourse on Policing a Free Society
- We Made the Mandatory Reading for the US Army MPs
- Patterns of Conflict Pt 2
- Hand in Hand Project, a new initiative promoting dialogue and interaction between local police officers and young people
- How May We…Rebuild the Bridge Between The People and The Police?
- Why Adaptability Trumps Hierarchy?
- Military Reform Through Education: From The Straus Military Reform Project, Something We In Policing Can Learn From
- In Building Trust, Actions…Speak Louder Than Words!
- Somewhere Along the Way
- Taking It Personally
- The Facts of the Case By Bruce Ivar Gudmundsson
- J.J. DID TIE BUCKLE Traits I live By
- On Fitness: Learn from my weakness, my mistakes, and my bad habits
- Don’t Do It Alone: Developing a Shared Sense of Destiny Requires We’re all on the Same Sheet of Music
- Recommended Reading List From The California Association of Tactical Officers
- Values For A New Millennium: A Book That Will Help Bridge the Gap Between People and The Police
- Teaching Adaptability…and Firearms Training
- Simon Sinek: Why Reciprocity Improves Mentor Mentee Relationships
- Felix Nader Discusses The Value of Workplace Violence Prevention
- Breaking Down Police Work and How To Win at Low Cost: Part 2 Podcast Break It Down Show
- Boyd: Adapting Isn't Good Enough
- Simon Sinek on the responsibility that leaders have to create environments where people are more productive,and inspired
- The Hunting Story - the meaning of human equality
- Ethical Warriors with Jack Hoban
- Emotional Intelligence: Re-Thinking Police Community Relations by Mark Bond
- Approaching LE with the 'What's important now?' perspective
- Staying in control when a suspect is aggressive
- 10 Overlooked Truths About Taking Action
- Warriors vs. Praetorian Guard – Which Mindset Fits You Best? By Mike Ox
- ITOA News: Articles By John Farnam, Patrick Van Horne, Jeff Chudwin, Don Vandergriff, Yours Truly and More
- The importance of mindset in policing with Chip Huth
- A Discussion on Police Work and How to Win At Low Cost, Connecting The People and Police Gap
- Be Passionate, Back Up and Empower Your People, and You Will Get The Culture Right
- Why Are Shared Visions So Important?
- Technical Skill as a Component of Creativity by Bruce I. Gudmundsson
- I Am Spartacus…No I Am Spartacus: Is Your Police Organization United?
- The Demand For Autodidacts – The Self-Taught in an Age of Shrinking Budgets by Patrick Van Horne
- It’s How You Say What You Saw by Patrick Van Horne
- The Path of Don Vandergriff: A Discussion On Leadership, Learning organizations and Adaptability
- The Newhall Incident: Failure, Adaptation and Success…Or Lost Opportunity? Published in the latest ITOA News
- NYPD’s New Strategy for Dealing with Stressful Interactions, Absurd or Realistic?
- The Mind Can Be Convinced But The Heart Must Be Won
- Imagine a Police Culture Where People Wake Up Every Day Inspired to Go to Work
- Open Letter to President's Task Force on Policing by Louis Hayes
- The Blame Game: Who @#$%ed This Up?
- Breaking Down the Stranglehold of Formality
- Boyd and Beyond: From Marine Corps University to FBI National Academy Boyd' Ideas are Expanding
- From The Art of Manliness: John Boyd’s Roll Call: Do You Want to Be Someone or Do Something?
- Pamela Meyer: How to spot a liar
- The Case Method Increasing the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Marine Education by Captain Paul Tremblay Jr USMC
- Simon Sinek: If You Don't Understand People, You Don't Understand...
- Using Official Histories as Quarries for Case Materials By Bruce I. Gudmundsson
- Left of Bang By Patrick Van Horne and Jason Riley
- The Most Dangerous Weapon in Law Enforcement by Brian Willis
- Sizing Up Situations Is A Skill, We Need To Develop
- Change the Culture If I could Only Change One Thing by Don Vandergriff
- The Five Learning Disciplines
- Using Complete Stories in Decision Forcing Cases by Dr. Bruce I. Gudmundsson
- Newhall Shooting: A Tactical Analysis
- Tactical Decision Games, Obscure Information and Generating New Ways to Thrive in the Climate of Chaos and Uncertainty
- Calling on Cops in Class: An Anecdote for Developing Character, Confidence and Sound Tactical Decision Makers
- Solving Tactical Dilemmas with Indirect Experience (Education & Training) and White Castle Cases
- Ugly Police Force: Misunderstandings of Law & Human Factors by Lou Hayes
- Design and Facilitate, Decision Making Exercises Using The Sandwich Metaphor
- Strategic Rifleman: Key to More Moral Warfare by H. John Poole
- Developing Teamwork, Leadership Skills and Decision Makers with Case Study's "Washington's Crossing"
- FBI Report: A Study of Active Shooter Incidents in the United States
- The Art of Manliness Discusses...The Tao of Boyd: How to Master the OODA Loop
- Courage: The Backbone of Leadership by Gus Lee
- A Police Officers thoughts on the “Militarization” of our police forces.
- Cops With War Toys: Militarizing police is the worst way to fight crime.
- “Just the facts Ma’am”
- Re-Imagine the Way We Lead!
- A Milestone in Boydian Theory at the Tactical Level
- CASE STUDY: Ferguson Missouri shooting incident and aftermath by Louis Hayes
- What is Leadership?
- Use of Force Investigations: a Manual for Law Enforcement
- Do You Know How to Get Fullfillment?
- How Great Leaders Inspire Action
- Leaders Eat Last: Why Some Teams Pull Together and Others Don't
- Adaptive Leadership Handbook, Reviewed [by Mark Safranski, a.k.a. "zen"]
- Have We Not Learned Anything From History? Don Vandergriff's Book Review on American Spartan
- How Do We Inspire Action?
- Book Review: Rubicon: The Poetry of War
- Book Review: American Spartan
- Command Culture: Officer Education in the U.S. Army and the German Armed Forces, 1901-1940, and the Consequences for WWII
- What are the Basics? Developing for Mission Command by Donald E. Vandergriff
- IN COMMAND AND OUT OF CONTROL
- Adaptive Leadership By Charles “Sid” Heal and John R. Engbeck
- Why good leaders make you feel safe
- Guardians vs. Warriors: What it Takes to Win at Low Cost
- After Action Review on The Christopher Dorner Incident
- Adaptive Leader Program
- Crisis Meta-Leadership Lessons From the Boston Marathon Bombings Response: The Ingenuity of Swarm Intelligence
- Outstanding piece! The Myth of Mission Command by Don Vandergriff
- Cops or Soldiers?
- Situational Assessments: Being Mindful of What’s Important Now!
- Convinced or Committed?
- Discipline: The Lost Art of Leadership
- How Do We Develop Adaptability?
- Improve the Work…Develop the People
- Incident Strategy and Tactics: The Baby Diaper Analogy
- Adaptive Leaders …Develop Strength of Character
- How About Some Empathy, Please?
- Get Into the Sandbox, Think and Play and Let’s Inspire… Adaptability
- Stoning The Gatekeepers: Is It Not Time Society Attempts To Better Understand Police Use of Force?
- First-Line Supervisors Do The Most Important Training
- Why Tactical Decision Games? Because They Challenge The Status Quo & Emphasize Tactical Options In Developing Courses of Action.
- Why Does Understanding The OODA Loop Matter to Cops?
- How Do You Develop Strength of Character and Adaptive Leaders?
- Adaptive Leadership Handbook: Innovative Ways to Teach and Develop Your People
- Don’t Fear Failure; Instead Make Failure Your Classroom
- In Forging Adaptability…Distinguish Technical Problems from Adaptive Challenges
- The Doctor in SWAT School (and What His Performance Says About Police Culture)
- Designing Law Enforcement: Adaptive Strategies for the Complex Environment by John A. Bertetto
- Guest Post: Toward a Police Ethos: Defining Our Values as a Call to Action by John Bertetto
- Adaptability is Key in Handling Crisis Situations…Be In Command and Out Of Control
- For Meaningful Lasting Results, Get Into the Weeds…and Identify Root Causes
- Want to get better and be safer? Debrief!
- How to Forge Adaptability in Police Leaders and Culture
- Adaptive Leadership is Purposeful Learning in Real Time
- Book Review: The Practice of Adaptive Leadership: Tools and Tactics for Changing Your Organization and The World
- Growing Leaders Who Practice Mission Command and Win the Peace, Lt. Col. Douglas A. Pryer, U.S. Army
- Achieving Greatness by Giving Control and Creating Leaders
- Choosing Adaptability by Gary Gagliardi and The Science of Strategy Institute
- The Review of Boyd & Beyond 2013…..
- Have You Thought About Why You Choose To Lead?
- Incident Command: the big picture by Louis Hayes
- Understanding the OODA Loop by Derek Stephens
- The Cops Amaze Me by Bob Lonsberry
- I Am An Optimist. It Does Not Seem Too Much Use Being Anything Else!
- Mike Rayburn Asks...What Makes A Good Street Cop?
- Fighting the good fight with moral clarity by Lt. Dan Marcou
- Are Gated Communities Really Secure?
- Top 25 Criminal Justice Blogs We made the list at # 3
- Incident Command: the team cohesion aspect of the SitRep
- Book Review: Always Picked Last: Conquering the Bullies: A Guide To Finding Your Way in Life…
- To Continuously Improve We Must Set Boundaries and Expectations
- Elite Performance...Takes WORK? Say it ain't so!
- Create Your Fantasy Island Organizational Culture by Tracey Richardson
- Have You Stopped a Car Today? Improving Patrols Tactical Effectiveness with Vehicle Stops
- Incident Command: Communicating the Situation and Location By Louis Hayes
- Incident Command: a problem-solving approach By Louis Hayes
- SWAT Cop Says American Neighborhoods Are 'Battlefields,' Claims Cops Face Same Dangers As Soldiers In Afghanistan
- Overmilitarization: Why Law Enforcement Needs to Scale Down Its Use of Military Hardware and Tactics By Evan Bernick
- John Boyd’s Art of War Why our greatest military theorist only made colonel. By William S. Lind
- Police militarization and rise of the warrior journalist by Lance Eldridge
- Strategic Studies Institute: Cartel Car Bombings in Mexico Authored by Dr. Robert J. Bunker, Mr. John P. Sullivan
- To Strengthen And Preserve Cohesion Your Values...Equal Their Values
- Another Must Read Book From Don Vandergriff: "The Path To Victory" Revised Kindle Version with a new foreword
- Safe Streets, Overruled By Heather McDonald of the City Journal
- Must Read Book On Leader Development, Updated Kindle Addition: Don Vandergriff's, Raising The Bar:
- Brian Willis Offers Great Info on Defeating...The Enemy Of Innovation
- Police militarization and the Ethical Warrior By Jack E. Hoban & Bruce J. Gourlie
- “A Way” To Develop a Toxic Leader: How We as Leaders Create Our Own Monsters
- The Guy Behind the Guy, Behind the Guy: A Case for Taking our Roles More Seriously
- Flatenning the Decision Cycle in Tactical Units
- Tactical Supervision: Coaches and Chessplayers: Guest Post By Louis Hayes
- To effectively function in the initial, chaotic stages of a crisis, develop adaptive leaders
- FEAR VS COURAGE: IT'S YOUR CHOICE By Danny Cox
- Skid Row Terrorist
- Col John Boyd: Question and Answer Video
- Great Piece on Adaptability by Brian Willis: The Dinosaur versus The Cockroach Training Model
- The Psychotic Militarization of Law Enforcement
- The Missing Piece of NIMS: Teaching Incident Commanders How to Function in the Edge of Chaos by Police Chief, Cynthia Renaud
- The Human Problem? by Frank Borelli an Officer.com article
- From Police One 3 techniques for controlling your brain with Chief Joel F. Shults, Ed.D.
- Great Article From Police One with Val Van Brocklin: How to create 'fierce followers' in law enforcement
- Deadly Force: Have We Lost Our Senses? Guest Post by Louis Hayes
- Tactical Philosophy 101 A Guest Post by Louis Hayes
- Leadership in Unconventional Crises
- Unconventional Crises, Unconventional Responses: Reforming Leadership in the Age of Catastrophic Crises and “Hyper complexity”
- JOHN BOYD WAS A PATRIOT, A MORAL LEADER, AND A BONAFIDE VISIONARY. AND YES, HE WAS A MAVERICK.
- Force Science Research Study: The Influence of Officer Positioning on Movement During a Threatening Traffic Stop Scenario
- Guest Post: Adaptive Decision-Making by Sid Heal
- “More Better,” Ideals, and To Be or To Do: Guest Post by Scott Shipman
- Learning Like an Expert: A Guest Post by Marshall Wallace
- What Represents a High Level of Professionalism?
- This Memorial Day Remember: The Path of The Warrior
- School Security: Sharing and Enhancing Best Practices
- Guest Post by Michael G. Moore: Boyd's Snowmobile ...or what made Alexander “The Great”
- Coffee Pots and Baseball Bats: Household Items Offer Protection
- Learning to Adapt With A Professional Reading Program
- Boyd and Beyond 2013
- Guest Post by Tyana Daley: Developing Law Enforcement Leaders and Nurturing Smart Thinkers
- Somewhere Between Born and Made: Where Good Leaders Come From
- Is Today Your Day?
- Guest Post by John Demand: “You look for the bomb…we look for the bomber”
- What Do OODA Loop’s Mean to the Street Cop, Wanting To Become “World Class” Tacticians?
- The Psychology of a Boston Marathon Terrorist: 10 Questions for a Retired Marine
- Watching Boston “Work Together” Made Me Proud to Be a Police Officer
- What Makes a "World Class" Tactically Proficient Peacekeeper?
- Tactical Decision Games to Increase Speed and Maturity of Problem Solving: The Lessons Learned
- The Path to Better Execution in Seeing, Understanding and Solving Complex Problems is a Learning Organization
- A Systemic Concept for Operational Design: a Robust Tool Law Enforcement Should Use in Preparing for Chaotic Crisis
- How shift debriefings can improve officer safety Published at P1
- Boyd and Beyond Boston 2013: Balancing Pursuasion and Force in The Moral, Mental and Physical Dimensions of Conflict
- Don Vandergriff, Discusses: Misinterpretation and Confusion: What is Mission Command?
- Huddling-Up To Acheive Successful Law Enforcement Outcomes
- Building Cohesive Law Enforcement Agencies That Can Decide In Crisis Situations
- Mistakes ultimately ended ex-LA cop's rampage
- Red Teaming The Workplace Violence Shooter and The "MR. Uncomfortable Factor"
- Top 30 Criminal Justice Blogs of 2012 : LESC is Number 5!
- Showing Up Is Overrated. Necessary But Not Nearly Sufficient. Can Taking An "Interest" In What You Do Enhance Performance?
- Handling Dynamic Encounters...Go Get Him, Or Set Him Up To Get Him...With An Adaptable Response
- Shift Debriefings: How Can We Be More Deliberate, More Disciplined, and More Thorough in our Approach to Learning?
- AOW Card Deck Lesson 6: Provoke Your Adversary’s Reaction
- Does Mass Violence Unfold Randomly and Chaotic or is There Hidden Order We Can Leverage in Our Prevention Efforts?
- Police One Column: 13 questions to answer in 2013: What has 2012 taught you about officer safety and effectiveness?
- Take Small Steps, Towards, Lifelong Learning In 2013
- Positive Adaptive Leadership...Tools and Tips and Critical Questions To Explore in 2013 Inspired by Many Of Those I Follow
- AOW Card Deck Lesson 5: Sheath Your Sword
- AOW Card Deck Lesson 4: Score A Small Victory Along The Way
- In Mastering Tactics Shouldn’t We Be Blending Policy and Procedures with People and Ideas?
- Ready, Aim, Ready?
- IMPLEMENTATION (OODA LOOP OR BOYD’S CYCLE) by Sid Heal
- AOW Card Deck Lesson 3: Engage Your Adversary From Many Directions
- AOW Card Deck Lesson 2: Lure The Tiger Out Of The Mountain
- AOW Card Deck Lesson 1: Catch Your Adversary Sleeping
- The Art of War: Sun Tzu Strategy Card Deck…Simple, Yet, Great Tool for Developing Strategic and Tactical Mindset
- "Certain men…come to be accepted guardians and transmitters, instructors, of established doctrines...
- On Vision
- Book Review: The Rite of Return: Coming Back From Duty Induced PTSD
- Restoring the Wounded Spirit
- Deciding Under Pressure…and Fast: You Need to Understand the Concept of “Coup d’oeil”
- How Do Adaptive Leaders Think?
- Capt Evan Bradley on Boyd, Adaptability and Understanding the Bigger Picture in Conflict
- Captain Lindsay Rodman On Boyd and Taking Ownership of What You Do!
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Negative Attitudes Destroy Them with True Leadership...and Mutual Trust
Submitted by Fred on Thu, 03/22/2007 - 9:05pm.
Unrealistic or constantly changing goals
Poor Communications which can take the form of:
Being thought of as a number
A manager’s lack of growth as a leader
Over inflated organizational structure and overstaffing
Misemployment
Poor psychological work environment
When management isn't people oriented
When feedback is lacking
When training isn’t adequate
Law Enforcement & Security Consulting Inc
Negative Attitudes
Destroy them with True Leadership and Mutual Trust
By Fred Leland and Maria Gonzalez
Plan an advantage by listening. Adjust to the situation. Get assistance from the outside. Influence events. Then planning can find opportunities and give you control.
~ Sun Tzu The Art Of War
In this article I will discuss what Earl Nightingale called the magic word; Attitude this is the one word that is instrumental in creating the results of our actions. In our fields we heard the word attitude described as mindset, morale, or the winning mind. What real role does attitude play to our decision making, our success and our safety in the protection professional fields of law enforcement, security and the military?
Attitude is defined as the position or bearing advocating our actions or moods. A healthy attitude is what it takes to get results in the protection professional fields. Yet as time and experience go on in our professions negative attitudes become prevalent and impact the results of our work, our professional standards and in our safety on the street.
I am lucky enough to teach about 1,000 veteran police officers during in-service training and I train security professional in the private sector. I have conducted an informal and unscientific survey on attitude in law enforcement and security. I simply ask veteran officers in class are the attitudes in your organization more positive or more negative? The answer I receive each week is a unanimous negative. I have not had any officer participating in my class ever respond the organizational attitude is positive. I was not surprised that the answer of negative was prevalent, but unanimous, did take me by surprise.
The questions that I have been musing over with, is: Why is it that we do not see the positive side of what we do? And if we do, How come we do not have a positive attitude that is more prevalent in our organization? I am writing about this topic and how attitude relates to our professions as a whole or organizational climate and understand that the difference in individual attitudes, varies throughout. I am also keeping the topic as it relates to protection professionals and understand fully that this issue may be prevalent in other professions as well.
Description of the Problem
The attitude we are about to discuss here shows itself in several ways. Here is a list of a few obvious signs the climate in your organization is negative taken from the book “Leadership When the Heat Is On” by Danny Cox.
Uncooperative Attitudes
- Detectable the moment you approach team member.
- Something is wrong even if you cannot put finger on it immediately
- Reluctance or being imposed on obvious indicator
Lack of Enthusiasm
- Pervasive sense of Boredom
Absence of Commitment
- Absence of commitment about what the organization is supposed to be doing, chances are good the same opinions reflected in organizations leadership!
- Host of problems if leadership not committed.
- Poor communication
- Incorrect assignment matching
- Poor communication
Fault Finding
- People not happy tend to find fault in anything, everything and everybody.
- High morale organization, even mistakes are not dwelled upon.
- Low morale organization, even great victories are picked apart
- Low morale organization, even great victories are picked apart
Increasing Complaints
- Complaining seems to be a favorite activity, you can hear that folks in the organization are not having a good time.
- (CHALLENGE) Show me a happy complainer!
- Usually takes place quietly out of the leader’s earshot. By the time it’s noticed by less than alert leader it can be serious.
Growing tardiness and absenteeism
- Blatant tardiness and absenteeism are generally grounds for termination and at least an overt disciplinary problem requiring immediate attention.
- However if tardiness and absenteeism appear to the leader to be on the increase could be a subtle sign or indication morale is slipping.
Deterioration in the appearance of the work area
- Some very creative and productive people don’t keep their work space very neat.
- How is a leader supposed to know when change in the appearance of the work area indicates erosion of morale?
- Leader must know his/her people!
- Key word is CHANGE
- Key word is CHANGE
Breakdown in discipline
- The key word again is CHANGE when discipline breaks down.
- Normal range of fluctuation in all things, and the effective leader will have a sense of how an organization operates on its best and worst days.
- If leader sees breakdown in discipline. START CHECKING for reasons WHY?
- If leader sees breakdown in discipline. START CHECKING for reasons WHY?
Long Faces
- Can mean many things
- Physical discomfort due to illness
- Emotional discomfort due to family tension
- Any number of things
- Physical discomfort due to illness
Leaders concern should be limited primarily to how individual’s attitude affects his/her performance and the performance of others. Good leaders have relationships established with each team member. This goes a long way toward diagnosing when change in attitude requires attention.
When low morale becomes a rallying point
- When people in organization begin to talk about how lousy it is to work there and reach a general consensus on the topic!
- HUSTON WE HAVE A PROBLEM!
- A REAL PROBLEM!
- HUSTON WE HAVE A PROBLEM!
Obviously interrupting these signs is critical. You will probably never encounter just one sign of low morale or negative attitudes. When morale is strained and the negative attitudes prevalent there will probably be a combination of indicators. We must become very good at interrupting the signs of low morale. It comes from experience and what you know about individuals in your organization will give you a head start.
Causes
Detecting the warning signs is only the beginning. To fully address the morale issue, an effective leader must understand what causes morale to start taking a dive. Why is it the negative attitude so prevalent in our profession? The answers I receive are; the job and what we see and deal with creates the negativity. Others say its not the job itself but what we do to ourselves that gets you; the internal bickering, politics, lack of support and complaints filed over seemingly insignificant issues and being treated as guilty till proven innocent that sets the mood for miss-trust and negative attitudes.
These are the most talked about issues in class and sadly I have to say although disturbed by the realization, I understand the feelings and why the attitudes of so many of us turn negative. I feel this is a serious problem because attitude greatly affects our wellbeing mentally, physically at home and on the street. Here is a more detailed list of causes of low morale and poor attitudes;
-
When people don’t understand their jobs
- Constant criticism
- Inaccessible or absentee management
- Erratic or inconsistent discipline
“You must control your soldiers with esprit de corps.
You must bring them together by winning victories.
You must get them to believe in you.” ~Sun Tzu
The Art of War
I have just read an outstanding article by Chuck Remsberg published in Police magazine titled: “Are We Breeding a Police Culture of Additional Victims” because we feel as though we are not going to be supported from above. In the article he discusses an officer’s unwillingness to use force when it’s necessary and sites some examples: A plainclothes officer is being slashed in the face and neck during a ground fight with a knife wielding suspect. Under a life threatening attack, he hands his gun to another officer because “he is afraid he’ll discharge the weapon accidentally” during the struggle. He gets praised by the media for “showing restraint.’
From the same article a second example: Another officer responds to a man with a gun call at a food mart, sees the suspect with a gun in hand but stays in her patrol car. The suspect grabs a citizen whom he forces to the ground at gunpoint. The officer fails to intervene. The suspect murders the captive by shooting him in the head, while no action is taking by the officer who is “officially observing” Responding back up finally arrives and kills the offender.
Question; are we breeding this type of culture as discussed in this article? If so why are we? My opinion is yes we are indeed breeding this culture in our professions and the number one reason in my view is lack of leadership. I do not apologize for my beliefs which are based on working the street and working with cops for 20 years. Chuck Remsberg talks of life and death situations which cannot be a more critical time where support and trust, or better yet mutual trust need to be established beforehand so critical intuitive decisions can be made.
I see an even deeper problem where professionals are afraid to do there jobs because of fear of losing them, or fear of being sued or reprimanded handling basic calls or investigations. Street cops are expected to take verbal and physical abuse with no tactical response other than yes sir, no sir, have a nice day sir response. I think we have gone to far in dealing with complaints from those we protect. Do not get me wrong here. I am not saying we do nothing about a legitimate complaint where someone in our ranks has gone over the top in his/her response and has violated or abused the position they hold, but what I am taking about is we need to understand that when your duty is to protect and serve, there will be legitimate disputes between those we serve and those of us looking to protect. Innocent people will be encountered because they are in the wrong place at the wrong time and questions will be asked as to who, what, where when and why they are there? Because its part of what we do to get results in a job where lives may be at stake. Most of these people will cooperate because they understand what it is we do. Some will respond negatively and become verbally abusive and we will respond strategically and tactically to gain control and take the initiative. Leaders in our professions must understand this dynamic and stand up for those doing a tough job, even when the heat is on.
However and all to common when a verbal altercation takes place, which is part of dealing with difficult people on the street, a full fledged internal investigation on the incident will take place. When it could be simply settled by asking the officer involved describing the incident, and why the officer had to take the initiative as he did due to the circumstances. Also questions are asked of the person complaining and based on all information obtained a resolution or understanding is come to. Not every disagreement warrants a complaint investigation and disciplinary action is the point.
This type of administrative response to insignificant verbal exchanges on the street has an affect on the overall attitudes of individual officers which in turn affect the overall organizational climate. Which in the end reflects on the organization in the community or with the clients you are to protect? It breeds a climate where those charged with certain duties will only do what they are asked or ordered to do, and take no initiative to do more, do a better job, which in my view is a poor climate for those of us where critical decisions and initiative are critical to protecting and serving.
Reflection
“People reflect back the attitude we present” Earl Nightingale stated in his book titled lead the field. There is a cause and effect to how we handle people and their circumstances. This affect takes place both inside the walls of your organization and those we serve outside. If you are a leader this does apply to your men and woman.
Let’s look at a couple of examples:
- You are an officer called into your internal affairs office over a complaint filed on you. You walk in and are ordered to write a report on the contact you had the other night in which you had a verbal altercation with the subject. You ask; what is the complaint about? The internal investigator responds “just write the report then we will talk”.
- You are an officer called into you internal affairs office over a complaint filed on you. You walk in and the internal investigator tells you to grab a seat. And then he made the following statement “Look I have received a complaint in regards to the stop you had the other night. The complaint says you called him “this and that” is that true?. You respond by telling him what happened and he then tells you based on what you have stated whether or not the investigation will continue and what the potential outcome could be. He then tells you to file a report.
These are two simple examples I use but they are examples handled differently and based on how they are handled by an administration can be extremely critical to not only the moral of the officer involved but to department wide morale.
In example one, the investigator gives the impression that you are on the hot seat or in trouble. He gives you nothing and wants everything from you. He looks at you not as a cop who may have had a disagreement and words with someone on the street (that does not happen in police work, does it?) He gives the impression he does not trust you, does not believe you have the integrity to own up to or to tell him straight it did or did not happen. Your left feeling, I have to write a report, and do not even know the issue of what the complaint against me is. This type of action by administrations or those acting on administrations behalf are detrimental to the attitude in the department or organization.
In the second short scenario you are given the benefit of the doubt by the investigator and given information on the complaint filed. You can simply tell the investigator what happened based on an informed decision from information he gave you. If you did nothing wrong you say so. If you got firm and had to use language and demeanor to control the circumstances you say so. If you got hot under the collar unjustifiably you stand up and say so. You take the hit and move on.
Most officers can accept remedial training or punishment if the circumstances clearly warrant it. They can accept secrecy or deception if there is a serious investigation, and the officer is accused of a more serious offense such as criminal investigation on an individual or group of officers. What they cannot and will not tolerate positively is the feeling real or perceived that they are being treated differently and unfairly by an administration for less than honorable reasons. (i.e. political gain, no courage to take a stand) Leaders must lead, are needed to lead when the “heat is on” if not your not leading at all but in a position taking up space which would be better suited for someone else. Protection professionals have a tough job and to paraphrase Col. John Boyd you can “Be something or Do something” something to make a difference in those we serve and those that provide the service. The choice is yours.
So it is critical to developing and maintaining a positive organizationally attitude based on these two scenarios those administrations or those acting on their behalf as internal investigation units handle investigation s fairly based on the circumstances. It is my belief that actions such as those described above will increase a positive attitude in the work, once started it will spread quickly throughout.
Let’s look at another example;
- You handle a domestic call for services that turns violent upon your arrival a large gentleman charges you with a large knife in his hand. As you back away, while shouting “drop the knife, Drop the knife” you are drawing your firearm, the subject does not stop and you can back no further, you fire and the subject goes down. The threat is stopped. You call for back up, render aid and officer respond to assist. Responding officer makes the comment “What did you do? Back at the station over the next few weeks and months gossip and rumors on how the officer handle the situation correctly or incorrectly were argued over and over. By officers who were not there at the time the shot was fired. Even after an independent review by the District Attorney’s office cleared the officer the next day. The officer involved in this real life scenario has had difficulty dealing with going back to work not because of administration, but because of fellow officers being critical in a time when they should have been supportive. Constructive criticism in the form of a debrief or after action review is easily understood and even instrumental in an officers mental attitude, but rumors and outright gossip should not be tolerated by any officer or administrator.
How does this affect the attitude of the officer involved in this situation and the organization? It affects their attitude greatly and in this scenario the results were very negative. Year’s later the department is divided and morale is low.
Let’s look at a more positive result of an officer involved shooting in this next example.
- You respond as part of a team to an armed barricaded subject call. You are the sniper on this call and set up to make observations and take the shot if necessary. The negotiators are on scene and attempt to negotiate with the subject. Within a short period of time the subject begins to make threats and eventually you see him come to a door with rifle in his hands. The subject takes a solid shooting stance, puts the rifle to his cheek, removes the safety, and turns it towards fellow team members, placing them in jeopardy. You shoot, subject is down. You announce shot fired subject down. The arrest team moves in and control is gained and maintained.
In this scenario the officer involved was brought to a secure area and treated with the attitude and sensitivity needed for the officer to win the mental battles to come. He was highly trained and understands all aspects of conflict the mental, moral and physical. His team from those in charge to those fellow team members is also highly trained and also understands how to handle this type of situation even though it was their first team shooting. There was debrief of officers involved individually and a few days later, an after action review and group debrief was conducted. The way this was handled contrast greatly to the example above and I believe it has had great impact on the team and the individual officer who has had nothing but support from his team members.
Critical Results Based on Attitude
Does attitude affect decision making in the field? Obviously the answer is yes. If you are in a positive frame of mind and are presented a set of circumstances you make clear observations that tell you something, this good, bad, or unknown? Based on this you make clear decisions and take action based on an informed decision because you are mentally attuned to your situation.
On the other hand if you possess a negative attitude, you will not be focused on the tasks at hand. Some will say that you just turn on the proper attitude when the time comes to act? This will be the wrong answer. It is my opinion that you need to be in a “relaxed” state of awareness whether on or off duty coupled with a positive mind set to win. Otherwise you will get caught off guard and will fail to respond appropriately.
The Answer “MUTUAL TRUST”
“Four brave men who do not know each other will not dare to attack a lion. Four less brave, but knowing each other well, sure of their reliability and consequently of mutual aid, will attack resolutely.” ~ 19th century French colonel Ardant du Picq
Leadership is a critical component of a solution to this problem of negative attitudes we must develop mutual trust in our organizations if we are to handle the threats we are faced with. One way to begin is simply standing up for your men and woman with a fair response to circumstances that take place on the street. When the heat is on it is time to exercise our leadership in way that is fair and demonstrates a sincere look into both sides of the circumstances. Not only what the political aspects of the circumstances are but what is right based on what it is we do. Most people we deal with cooperate, some are difficult yet after a discussion and an officer seeking tactical advantage they cooperate, a small percentage will use deception and seek advantage in an attempt to harm officers unprepared due to lack of trust in their administrations. Let’s fix this attitude by having the moral courage as leaders to do what is right to take the steps of developing our people so they are prepared mentally, morally and physically to handle the duties they are charged with carrying out. The least we can do is fairly back them up by speaking the truth about how we handle encounters.
On the other side of the discussion we must trust our men and woman to do their jobs to the fullest of there capabilities and we must provide them with the proper training and support so that intuitive decisions are made with little supervision and foster initiative . Trusting one another is what is needed in our professions. Jonathan Shay in his study on unit cohesion stated “Trust more importantly Mutual Trust is critical to surviving and coping with the environment.” With dynamics of conflict that are time competitive, full of uncertainty, unknowns and friction, Mutual trust is critical to assuring success.
William James the founder of psychology stated that; “Human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitude in mind.” It starts with the individual so lets think about changing something in ourselves no matter what your position is in your organization recognize that your attitude not only affects you, it affects those around you. We owe it to ourselves and to those we serve and remember in the field of protection failure to have a positive attitude can be very costly so “failure is not an option.”
“He whose ranks are united in purpose will be victorious.” ~ Sun Tzu The Art of War
*****
In addition to the references bellow I would like to mention the names in the training realm that have influenced my career and methods of training. Anything written here is influenced in some way by these organizations and people, some I have met personally some I have never had the pleasure of meeting but they all have had great influence on leadership and survival in the protection professional fields.
The Strategy and Tactics of Col. John Boyd USAF www.d-n-i.net & www.belisarius.com
Sun Tzu the Art of War, Gary Gagliardi translations www.scienceofstrategy.com & www.academyofstrategy.com
The United States Serviceman their dedication and sacrifices to this great country and others around the world has always inspired and influenced my life.
Law Enforcement and Security officers who have dedicated their lives to protecting and serving the citizens of the
The
International Association of Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors www.ialefi.com
Federal Bureau of
National Tactical Officers Association www.ntoa.org
LT. COL. DAVE GROSSMAN, U.S. Army (Ret.) Director, Killology Research Group, www.killology.com
Bruce Siddle, Sharpening the Warriors Edge www.ppct.com
Gabe Suarez, Suarez International www.suarezinternational.com
Chet Richards, Defense and National Interest (www.d-n-i.net web-site dedicated to Boyd)
Robert Taubert IACSP Tactical Advisor www.iacsp.com
Smith and Wesson Academy www.smith-wesson.com
American Society of Industrial Security www.asisonline.org
References:
Danny Cox with John
Gagliardi,
Are We Breeding A Police Culture of Additional Victims, Remsberg, Chuck Police Marksman magazine volume XXXII January/February 2007
Trust Study Dr. Jonathan Shay
- Fred's blog
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